Marriage and Family Counseling - 823 Words

Marriage and family counselors are counselors distinctively trained to work with family systems and provide therapy for people who wish to solve emotional conflicts. Their goal, with therapy, is to revise peoples perceptions and behavior, expand communication, and prevent individual and family crises. Although marriage and family counseling has a broad history, formal recognition of the professional counseling specialization can be traced to the establishment in 1989 of the International Association of Marriage and Family Counseling (IAMFC), which is a division of the American Counseling Association. Requirements for marriage and family counselors typically include a master’s degree in counseling, two years or three thousand hours of†¦show more content†¦Therapy in the field of marriage and family counseling usually consists of talk sessions, lasting about an hour. Using techniques learned in classrooms and in fieldwork, counselors guide their clients through a se quence of conversations that reveal their clients anger, fears, and needs. When couples are considering divorce, for example, counselors work to uncover the underlying reasons for the divorce and discover whether reconciliation is possible. Marriage counselors usually speak with a husband and wife at the same time, although they may have some sessions with them separately as well. They may also counsel groups of married couples, groups of husbands, or groups of wives depending on the setting. Family counselors work with entire families or with individual family members, using similar methods of therapy. Although today, marriage and family is taught together, this was not always the case. Family counseling and marriage counseling had different beginnings. The beginning of family therapy was established in the early 1900s with the development of the child guidance movement in 1909 and marriage counseling in the 1920s. Psychoanalytic treatment was applied in similar, private sessions with spouses and provided a strong theoretical foundation for early family and marital investigations. The formal development of family therapy dates back to the late 1940s or early 1950s for different parts of the country. Early pioneers of family therapy includedShow MoreRelatedMarriage and Family Counseling1777 Words   |  8 Pagesexperiencing life struggles when it comes to family. These issues can range from problems in a marriage, how to deal with your children issues and understand yourself and how to deal with your family and certain issues. The area of marriage and family counseling/therapy has had an out break over the past decade. The counselors are expected to work effectively with families experiencing a variety of issues and problems. In marriage and family therapy/counseling there are so many different types of techniquesRead MoreFamily Systems Theory And Its Impact On The Practices Of Marriage And Family Counseling2975 Words   |  12 PagesBowen Family Systems Theory and its impact on the practices of Marriage and Family Counseling. Dr. Murray Bowen is credited with being one of the founders of family systems theory. This paper will discuss the eight concepts which Bowen deemed causes anxiety within the family system. Also, the goals and practices which have been utilized by professionals within the psychology field relation to the Bowen Family Systems Theory. Analysis provides that anxiety is passed along through the family systemRead MoreProfessional Preparation And Credentials : Marriage, Couple, And Family Counseling Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages Professional Preparation and Credentials: Marriage, Couple and Family Counseling Nataly Gomez Walden University Abstract Professional counselors with the expertise in marriage, couple, and family counseling have certain standards to go by in order to become a licensure counselor. The CACREP is both a process and a status, it is a guide with specific standards to help with the preparation of becoming a licensure counselor. In order to become a counselor, there are certainRead MoreMeasuring Counselors For An Organization That Provides Marriage And Family Counseling1337 Words   |  6 Pagessetting up an assessment center to measure the competencies of current or potential counselors for an organization that provides marriage and family counseling for a population that consists primarily of immigrants and people with low-incomes. What types of assessments might you use? What competencies would you be looking for? An agency that provides marriage and family counseling will need all counselors to participate in assessments to help measure their competencies. The assessments will focus on knowledgeRead MoreThe Divorce : An Addiction Specialist1414 Words   |  6 Pagesskyrocketing as the years go on. Most marriages don’t even think about seeking help to improve their marriage and they wait too long to even consider help. Marriage is something that people do when they are committed to each other and want to be happy and in love. Many things change this along the way throughout the marriage and solutions to these marital problems are available. Many people think that their solutions are going to work, but they haven’t tried marriage counseling, its easily one of the mostRead MoreRelationship Between Family And Family789 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Many would agree that the dynamics of the family structure have changed drastically. Families are faced with many challenges, often times outside intervention is necessary in coping with the plethora of issues families face. We are living in a time of increased racial tensions, stress, bullying, domestic violence, mental illness, same-sex marriage, drug abuse, increased divorce rates, blended families, and cohabitation. The use of Marriage and family therapists appears to be increasing. AccordingRead MoreDivorce Is A Problem Of Being Proven Essential For Healthy Marriages968 Words   |  4 Pagescannot count on one hand families I know who have never been affected by divorce. Divorce is growing more and more common throughout the world today. It is a problem in need of a solution. Divorce will never be completely eliminated, but it can’t hurt to give it a shot, right? I thought to myself the other day about who all I know who has never been divorced, and all I came up with was my very own parents. Later on I asked them why, and turns out prior to their marriage, they had gone through somewhatRead MoreHow Divorce Is Affected Much More Significantly Than Those From Two Parent Families987 Words   |  4 PagesI am writing you because of a serious problem I see in our society. This problem has gotten out of hand with close to fifty percent of all marriages ending in divorce and it is affecting every aspect of our culture including churches such as your own. It is often seen as an easy choice with few consequences when in reality it is having devastating effects. Divorce is the problem of which I speak. Not only is it directly affecting those involved by wreaking havoc on their lives but it is also tearingRead MoreThe Backbone Of The Health Care System1427 Words   |  6 Pagesof California. 2. Antioch University Counseling Center http://www.antiochla.edu/campus-life/au-counseling-center/ The Antioch University Counseling Center is run by Antioch University Los Angeles. The Antioch University Counseling Center is staffed by authorized Marriage and Family (MFT) therapists and clinicians. AUCC offers counseling services to the communities of West Los Angeles, Venice, Marina del Rey, and Culver City. The Antioch University Counseling Center gives psychotherapy administrationsRead MoreA Research Study On Open Communication1678 Words   |  7 Pageshelp married couples steer their differences and resolve their conflicts more positively. When it comes to conducting research involving married couples and family research there are regulations and ethical standards that need to be monitored. Margolin, Chien, Duman, Fauchier, Gordis, Oliver Vickerman, (2005) expounds that Couple and family research presents unique challenges in terms of interpretation and application of ethical principles to psychosocial research. As with all psychosocial research

The Puritans and their Search for Religious Freedom

Throughout the colonization of America, many different religions and groups found a home in the New World. One of these religions was the Puritans. More commonly known as the pilgrims, the Puritans are a group of very strict, religious persons. Puritans were English Protestants who believed the Reformation did not rid the church of Catholic influences enough (â€Å"Puritans† Robinson). The Puritans first came to America due to Mary I, who was attempting to re-establish Catholicism in England. This led to the prosecution of the Puritans and Christians. While some Puritans took their chances and stayed in England, and others went to the Continent, the more famous group ventured to the colonies. They first stopped in Holland, but found they couldn’t settle well there. So the Puritans decided to travel onto America. After their charter was approved by the English, the Puritans set sail. In 1620, The Pilgrims settled in Massachusetts(â€Å"Colonists and Immigrants: 1600-1 700†, Wepman). During their journey to the New World, the Puritans had to endure many hardships. The journey, which was three thousand miles long, was rough. One of their two ships had to turn back, losing their supplies along with it. However, their first winter in the new colony was no better. Their journey had left the Puritans ill-equipped and unprepared for the oncoming winter. Out of the first one hundred and two settlers, only half survived the first winter. Out of eighteen women, fourteen had died, leadingShow MoreRelatedThe Reformation Of The England979 Words   |  4 Pagesand began voyages in search of new land. Once England came upon the new land, they realized useful resources such as lumber, spices and other goods were in abundance. Settlements began to surface, creating several colonies that were categorized as northern, middle, and southern colonies. The colonies were established so England to receive goods, money, power, as well as religious freedom in which led to groups such as the Puritans and Pilgrims. Life of a Puritan The Puritans were split into twoRead MoreHistory of Early North American Colonies Essay825 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative societal aspects, and the search for religious freedoms. Originally discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 in search for a trade route to Cathay (China), North America remained uninhabited, excluding the Native American establishments. Following this discovery, Spain –along with other European nations such as France, England, Sweden and the Netherlands– soon began the expedition to the new land with vast expectations. Driven by economic, societal, and religious purposes, the New World developedRead MoreColonial America: Founding the Dream Essay example1742 Words   |  7 Pagesexploration which held unlimited possibilities. The discovery of the New World also led to the discovery of the American Dream which became defined by the colonial Americans and generations to come as a second chance for economic opportunity and religious freedom. The first colonists to arrive in America established Jamestown, Virginia and sought new economic opportunities away from Europe. After the Spanish discovered the West Indies and the rich mines they held, young English men also sought theseRead MoreEssay about Early American Literature1044 Words   |  5 PagesEarly American Literature (1620-1820) In the first half of the 17th century the New World found two groups of people colonizing. The first group, the Puritans, had left England after years of exile due to their lack of faith in the Church of England. With the reading and understanding of the Bible almost completely laid in the hands of the preacher, the congregation was forced to believe all the words that the preacher said. This all came to an end with John CalvinRead MoreThe Impact of Puritans on the Development of America and Its Influence on Modern Society1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Puritans on the Development of America and its influence on modern society The Puritans came to America in search of greater freedom for religious liberty. They felt unable to worship and practice their theological perspectives as long as they were under the umbrella of the Church of England. The puritans views with the Church of England began differ greatly and they felt they could no longer be under their control. The Puritans decided that they needed to break free from the ChurchRead MoreColonial New England and Religious Tolerance Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesand Religious Tolerance Throughout the seventeen hundreds, thousands of immigrants came to the New England region, seeking refuge from European persecution. These early colonist yearned for a domicile were they could indulge in religious freedom, a heavy contrast to the strict religious persecution they experienced in their native countries. Aspirations such as these hold the initial sentence in the statement: â€Å"The New England colonies were founded upon the promise of religious freedomRead MoreEssay on GKE Task 3 Themes In US And World History A789 Words   |  4 PagesA. Colonialism in North America England’s desire for economic gain and religious freedom sparked the beginning of their interest in colonialism in America (Gouch, LeGuin, Walton, 1998). While some settlers came to America in search of gold or other riches, the Puritans that settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony came to escape religious persecution and have freedom to worship as they desired. In 1630, over a thousand Puritans arrived, being led by a lawyer named John Winthrop. All English settlersRead MoreThe Evolution of American Self Essays870 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Self is the common character and values of American people which evolved depending on governmental philosophy, religious belief, and economical aspiration from beginning of its formation to the present. Any of the change in the above factors would contribute to the evolution of the American Self. Over time, the American Self changed from communalism, whole hearted religious faith, and interest in material goods to individualism, self i nterests, and greed. The American Self depended on theRead MoreWe All Have the Opportunity to Achieve the American Dream Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesDictionary as A good position, chance or prospect for achievement; which is easily connected to the idea of The American Dream. After all, isnt America known as The land of opportunity;? Most people came to America, and still come for that matter, in search of a better life through hard work and dedication to their cause. In Chinamans Chance: Reflections on the American Dream; by Eric Liu, it is stated that ...it (the American Dream) does demand the opportunity to achieve progress-and values theRead MoreWinthrop s First Governor Of The Massachusetts Bay Colony1142 Words   |  5 Pagesman who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. John Winthrop was a visionary utopian who saw fault in the English religious society. Winthrop called England, â€Å"Morally corrupt and over burdened with people,† however; Winthrop sought new land f or his children and Christian followers. In 1630 John Winthrop began his â€Å"exodus with 900 migrants in search of a new land†. Winthrop envisioned a new colony that would reform the Christian society that he knew of in England. This Christian

Compare the Language Macbeth Uses in Two of His Soliloquies with the Way He Speaks When He Was Talking To Other People Essay Example For Students

Compare the Language Macbeth Uses in Two of His Soliloquies with the Way He Speaks When He Was Talking To Other People Essay A soliloquy is an actors address to the audience, which reveals a characters feelings at that time, and also his innermost thoughts. They are used in Macbeth in many places, by Macbeth mainly, but also many other characters, when they are thinking something over in their minds, for example when Macbeth was pondering whether to kill Duncan or not. The first soliloquy in Macbeth is in Act One Scene Three, and the witches have told Macbeth, that he already was Thane of Glamis, would soon be Thane of Cawdor, and soon after that would be King. Then after the witches left, Ross and Angus arrived, with news that Macbeth had been given the title the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth then spoke a soliloquy, weighing up what had just happened in his mind, whether it was for good, why do I yield to that suggestion, whose horrid image doth unfix my hair? or bad, If ill, why hath it given me the earnest of success, commencing in a truth. He is thinking in his mind, that killing Duncan is wrong, and it is almost unrealistic to think of such a thing, whose murder yet is but fantastical, and that the witches have now planted thoughts into his mind. When he is talking in this soliloquy, he is happy and unhappy; happy that he is the Thane of Cawdor, but unhappy because he thinks he now has to kill Duncan, which he doesnt want to do because it is against his morals, but he wants to be King, a war between his conscience, and his speech reflects this because he is talking as if in a daze, uncertain of what he should do. This uncertainty continues in Scene 7 of Act 1, and by this time he has decided against killing Duncan, when he had decided to do it before. At this point his wife, Lady Macbeth, comes out of the banquet, and asks what is wrong, and he tells her that he doesnt want to do it, but she tries to convince him to do it, by insulting his manliness. She convinces him to do it, but is dominating him, and he in the end agrees with her, like a rebellious child to his mother, and in the end he decides to kill Duncan, I am settled, and bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat, and then later he goes and kills Duncan. The differences between this and his soliloquy, is that in the soliloquy he is in charge of his mind, but he is unsure, whereas with his wife, he just does as she says, like in fact he was scared of her, and she was more important than him, so he just followed her orders. Later that same night Act Two Scene One, Macbeth is ready to go and kill Duncan, and is just waiting for a bell, which would be a signal from Lady  Macbeth that he could go and commit the murder, when he saw an apparition of a dagger. He thinks it is real and tries to clutch it but it isnt there, and he wonders how this could be, I have thee not, and yet I see thee still, and he is unsure in his mind whether it is real or not, and his mind is in turmoil, because he doesnt know whether it exists, and he thinks it is leading him to kill Duncan, so he thinks it is another sign telling him to go and commit the crime. The he hears the bell, and he leaves, to send Duncan to heaven or hell. .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 , .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 .postImageUrl , .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 , .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0:hover , .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0:visited , .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0:active { border:0!important; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0:active , .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0 .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c57c535cf87af795d83aca5ee4eb3a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Identify the language and literary techniques used by the poet EssayIn Act Two Scene Three, Duncans body is found by Macduff, and in the ensuing conversation Macbeth keeps quiet, and is in thought, then he starts a speech about how he had to kill the guards, and that his love for Duncan made him do it, That had a heart to love, and in that heart courage to makes love known. This shows how much he was regretting murdering Duncan, already, just minutes after he had committed the crime. During this conversation Macbeth wasnt his usual self, and he was quiet and thoughtful, when everyone else was furious that their King had been killed. During the whole of the play, there were other soliloquies, and in each one Macbeth was weighing up current events in his mind, and what he thought he should do next, and he was confident in himself. When he was talking to other people though it was a different side of Macbeth what was seen, for example when he was talking to his wife, he was timid, and when he was talking after the death was discovered, he was quiet, neither of these show qualities worthy of a King, and it is totally different to when he was talking to himself. I can infer this is because when he was talking to himself, it was the true Macbeth, but when he was talking to other people it was a put-on Macbeth, to please whoever was around him, when he was talking to his wife he let her get her own way, and when he was talking to everyone, he kept quiet and let them get on with their conversation, in case he let something slip, about him being the murderer.

The factors that have influenced the development of the UK leisure and recreation Essay Example

The factors that have influenced the development of the UK leisure and recreation Essay In the leisure and recreation industry there are six many categories within the United Kingdom. They are: * Arts and entertainment * Sports and physical recreation activities * Heritage We will write a custom essay sample on The factors that have influenced the development of the UK leisure and recreation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The factors that have influenced the development of the UK leisure and recreation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The factors that have influenced the development of the UK leisure and recreation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Catering * Countryside recreation * Home-based leisure There have been a number of factors that have influenced the development of the industry, and these have risen from the industrial revolution. The factors that have influenced the development of the leisure and recreation industry are: Increase in leisure time Over recent years, the amount of leisure time available to the majority of people in the United Kingdom has increased, so this has also increased the number of facilities, products and services, which satisfy the customers demands. There has been introduction of paid holidays entitlement since 1938, because it has become a legal requirement for employers to give their employees paid holidays. It is now known fact that 94% of workers in the United Kingdom now get four weeks or more paid holidays per year. The length of the working week in the united kingdom had been reduced slightly, so this has gave the workers in the united kingdom, more leisure time to participate in leisure and recreation activities. Theses days the typical working week in the united kingdom ranges from 37-40 hours per week, which is not a lot compared to the 1850s because a typical working week 70 hours, and in the 1950s it gradually fell to 50 working hours per week. It is not just the workers who have free time available to participate in leisure activities, because groups like the retired and the unemployed people need a choice of activities to participate in to, because they have a lot of leisure time available to them. Many workers now have greater choice regarding the pattern of their working week as well as less hours, for example, some employers operate flexitime systems or a four day working week. In these cases, the weekly hours remain the same, but the pattern of employers leisure time has changed, as they move away from the typical Monday-Friday, 9-5 working pattern. The way people use their leisure and recreation time has changed enormously during this century. Most people now: * Have different needs of expectations-for example, they may be more aware of the importance of health and fitness and of the need to balance work and leisure. * Want more access to the countryside * Are mobile-more people own cars, and the public transport system allows them to travel much more widely. * Have more personal disposable income-money, which does not have to be spent on necessities like housing, heating, food and clothing. * Have more time available for leisure activities because of social and economic developments, which have change working hours and patterns. Reasons for increased leisure: * Since the end of the Second World War in 1945 the working week has become much shorter. * Theres more job sharing and flexitime, part-time and short-term contacts, home- working and self-employment. * Sunday is no longer an official day of rest so all kinds of entertainment are available. * New groups of consumers with disposable income, e.g. single people and couples in full-time work. Average hours usually worked per week by full-time employees: by gender, EU comparison. HOURS Male Female UK 45.7 40.7 Portugal 42.1 39.6 Greece 41.7 39.3 Spain 41.2 39.6 Germany 40.4 39.3 France 40.3 38.7 Sweden 40.2 40.0 Italy 39.7 36.3 Denmark 39.3 37.7 Growth of personal disposable income The amount of money that people have spend on leisure activities depends on the amount of money that is left after they have paid for there items of immediate necessity such as the food, drink, bills ad rent or mortgage. The remaining money is known to us as disposable income. Some classes of people may be denied the chance of doing leisure activities such as the unemployed, pensioners and single parents because they may only receive very low incomes, so there money is spent on necessities only. In order for these people who are low incomes to take part in leisure activities this means the local authorities need to heavily subsidised so all activities are afford to the low income people. Single professionals or couple with jobs and no children tends to have quite a high level. Expenditure of working age couple households with children and without children: by type of household, 1998-99 United Kingdom PERCENTAGES Without children With children Housing 17 18 Food 14 18 Leisure goods and services 17 17 Motoring and fares 19 16 Household goods and services 14 14 Clothing and footwear 6 6 Alcohol 4 3 Fuel, light and power 3 3 Tobacco 1 2 Other goods and services 4 4 All household expenditure (=100%)(à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ per week) 441 465 Improved mobility Most people in the UK have access to efficient transport networks, which have made leisure and recreation facilities, products and services much more accessible. Improved transport technology has revolutionised passengers travel: aircraft, ships and trains are safe with a high number of passengers to be carried. The biggest single transport factor, which as promoted increase, demands for leisure, as been the number of cars there are in the United Kingdom at present. There was a fivefold increase in the number of private cars on the UKs roads between 1951 and 1970 and around a tenfold increase between 1951 and the mid-1990. It is now estimated that there are over 20 million privately owned cars in the UK. Increase car ownership therefore has been a major leisure and recreation attraction so they have become more popular. Also with more people owning cars in the UK and better network links this has helped people to get access to the countryside for leisure activities. The transport options now available allow people to travel quite long distances to take part in leisure activities. They can: * Travel to Manchester or London for nights clubbing. * Organise coach trips to the seaside for elderly or the young. * Take a train to London to visit major exhibitions like the Millennium Dome and Motor Show. * Drive to remote countryside for a day of walking and climbing. The countryside has long been as a place where you can get away from it all. As working lives have centred themselves in towns and cities, people increasingly see the countryside as a resource for leisure and recreation. Developments in rail and road transport, especially the big increase in car ownership, have made getting to rural areas easier. Traditional pursuits like walking, wildlife, bird watching and riding, the countryside is also the place to go for: * Climbing hills, mountains, cliffs and rocks * Orienteering, trekking, mountain biking and survival games in the wilder areas like fells and moors * Water sports and boating on lakes, rivers and reservoirs * Farm holidays-now a major income source for many farmers Governments have passed laws aimed at making rural areas accessible to the public and protecting them from damaging developments. For example: * Ten National Parks and 33 Areas of Outstanding Beauty have been established as a result of the National Park and countryside act (1949) * The countryside act (1968) gave local authorities power to establish local parks and protect local areas of rural interest. Demographic changes Demography is the study of the way populations change, using statistics. It includes factors such as births, deaths, income, the incidence of disease and the proportion of people of different ages. Demographic statistics can help policy makers decide things such as how many schools or old peoples homes will be needed in the future. Heres an example: The number of people over pensionable age is projected to increase from 10.7 million in 1996 to 11.8 million in 2011. Allowing the womens retirement age change to 65, the population of pensionable age will rise to 12.0 million by 2021. The UK trends that are widely recognised are: * An increase in the number and percentage of older people in the UK * An increase in the disposal income of younger people * An increase in the number and percentage of working parents, which also stimulates an increase in services such as childminding and domestic work. Here are some general statistics from www.ageconcern.org.uk The United Kingdom, in 2000, there were over 10.7 million older people (10,789,000): 9,021,000 in England 924,000 in Scotland 586,000 in Wales 259,000 in Northern Ireland. Ageing Population In 2000, the population of the United Kingdom based on mid-year estimates was 59,756,000. Of this figure, 18.1% were over pensionable age: 6,915,000 were women aged 60 and over (of whom 5,442,000 were aged 65 and over) 3,875,000 were men aged 65 and over 9,316,000 were people aged 65 and over 4,399,000 were people aged 75 and over 1,162,000 were people aged 85 and over. In 1998 a man of 60 could expect to live for another 19 years and a woman of the same age for 22.6 years. In 1996, in England and Wales, 5,523 people (4,943 women and 580 men) were aged 100 and over. In 2036 it is estimated that there will be 39,000 people in this age group, and, by 2066, 95,000. (GB) Looking at the ethnic minority population in Great Britain, in 1997/99, 7% of the population was aged 65 and over and belonging to a minority ethnic group. Within specific groups: 15% of Black-Caribbean people were aged over 65 3% of Black-African people were aged over 65 10% of Indian people were aged over 65 7% of Pakistani people were aged over 65 6% of Bangladeshi people were aged over 65 9% of Chinese people were aged over 65. An Ageing Population in the Future The number of people over pensionable age, taking account of the change in the womens retirement age, is projected to increase from 10.7 million in 1998 to 11.9 million in 2011, and will rise to 12.2 million by 2021. Employment In 2000, there were 5.71 million people aged between 50 and the State Pension Age in employment. The employment rate for men between the ages of 50 and 64 was 68.7%, and for women between the ages of 50 and 59 was 63.5%. This compares to an employment rate for all people of working age of 74.6%. In Spring 2000, 7.6% of men aged 65 and over and 8.2% of women aged 60 and over were still in employment. Income The basic pension from April 2001 to April 2002 is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½72.50 for a single pensioner, and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½115.90 for a couple (claiming on the husbands contributions) per week. In 1999/2000 single pensioners received, on average, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½149 net income per week. Pensioner couples received à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½281 per week on average during the same period. Older pensioner households have lower incomes. In 1999/2000 pensioner couples where the man was aged over 75 received à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½245 net income per week on average, compared with à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½299 net income per week for those aged under 75. In 1999/2000, 70% of pensioner households depended on state benefits for at least 50% of their income. (GB) In August 2000, 1,638,000 people aged 60 or over (single people or couples) were receiving Income Support (Minimum Income Guarantee) because of their low income. The Department for Work and Pensions estimates that, in 1999/2000, between 22% and 36% of pensioners who were entitled to Income Support, between 7% and 15% who were entitled to Housing Benefit, and between 30% and 36% entitled to Council Tax Benefit, did not claim. Spending Where the head of the household is aged 65 and over, a higher proportion of money is spent on housing, fuel and food (40% of expenditure) than in other households (36%). The most severe deprivation is experienced by pensioners living alone who are mainly dependent on state pensions: nearly 48% of their expenditure goes on housing, fuel and food. In 1999/2000, one-adult retired households mainly dependent on benefits spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23.20 per week on food, compared with à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½32.40 for single non-retired households. In 1999/2000, of pensioners mainly dependent on state pensions and living alone: 81% had central heating, compared to 89% of all households 12% had a car, compared to 77% of all households 93% had a telephone, compared to 96% of all households 2% had a mobile phone, compared to 64% of all households. 67% had a washing machine, compared to 95% of all households 14% had a CD player, compared to 86% of all households. (NB, all households relate to households without children.) Living Alone (GB) In 2000, in the 65-74 age group, 19% of men and 37% of women lived alone, and 33% of men and 60% of women aged 75 and over lived alone. (GB) In 2000, the likelihood of living alone increased with age, with 50% of those aged 75 and over living alone, compared with 12% of those aged 25-44. (GB) In 2000, of people aged: 65 to 74 75 and over 76% 61% of men were married 56% 27% of women were married 9% 29% of men were widowed 31% 61% of women were widowed. Leisure, Learning and Computers In May 2000, 4 million people aged over 50 owned a computer, spending an average of 9 hours per week using it. (GB)In October 2001, 37% of people aged 55-64, and 11% of people aged 65 and over, had used the Internet. (GB) In 2001, 22% of people aged 65-74, and 12% of people aged over 75, took part in some sort of adult learning. (GB) In 1996-7, walking was the most popular physical activity for older people, with 49% of men and 41% of women aged 60-69, 34% of men and 25% of women aged 70-79, and 19% of men 9% of women aged 80 and over, engaging in a walk of two miles or over in the 4 weeks before interview. (GB) In 1996-97, of those interviewed for the General Household Survey, 99% of those aged over 50 had watched television during the previous month. The next most popular home-based leisure activity was visiting/entertaining friends or relatives (95%), followed by listening to the radio (82%). The Safety and Health of Older People (GB) In 2000, 57% of people aged 65-74 and 64% of people aged 75 and over in the GHS sample reported a long-standing illness. Of those aged between 65 and 74, 37% and, of those aged over 75, 47%, said that they had a long-standing illness which limited their life style. The Alzheimers Society estimates that there are currently over 700,000 people in the UK with dementia, of which only 18,500 are aged under 65. The chances of having the condition rises sharply with age: 1 in 20 people aged over 65, and 1 in 5 people aged over 80, will develop dementia. In 1999, in England and Wales, the deaths of 160 people aged 65 and over involved hypothermia as the underlying cause, according to their death certificates. In 1999, nearly 17% of all accidents within the home involved people aged 65 and over. (GB) In 1999, of 870 pedestrian fatalities on the road, 337 (39%) were people aged 65 and over. Health and Community Care Services (GB) in 2000, in a three-month period, 25% of those aged 75 and over had attended the casualty or out-patient department of a hospital, compared with 15% of people of all ages. (GB) In 2000, of those admitted to hospital in the previous 12 months, the average stay was 9 nights. However, those aged over 75 spent, on average, 16 nights. (GB) In 2000, 86% of NHS GP consultations took place in the surgery. Consultations at home were most likely for older people, with 23% of home consultations being for those aged 75 and over. During one week, in England, in 1998, 445,900 households received home help or home care services. Of these: 83,800 were aged 65-74 144,900 were aged 75-84 and 139,800 were aged 85 and over. Housing In England, during 1998/99-1999/2000: 57% of owner occupiers without a mortgage were 65 and over 4% of owner occupiers with a mortgage were 65 and over 35% of those renting from local authorities were 65 and over 31% of those renting from housing associations were 65 and over 13% of those renting privately were 65 or over. In 1996, in England, 18.7% of single older people (over 60) lived in poor housing. Of people aged 75 and over, 19.9% of households lived in poor housing. The homes of 365,000 (12%) older lone persons (over 60) required essential modernization, compared to a figure of 6% for all households. (GB) In 1998, 4% of people aged 65-69, 7% of people aged 70-74, 11% of people aged 75-79, 17% of people aged 80-84 and 20% of people aged 85 and over lived in sheltered accommodation. With regard to numbers of older people in residential and nursing homes, it should be noted that statistics relate to the primary purpose of the home rather than to the individuals within them. On 31 March 2001, in England, there were 11,500 homes for older people, with the independent sector providing 90% of these. There were 236,700 places for older people, 83% of which were in the independent sector. In England, in 2001, the number of registered beds in nursing homes intended for use by older people was 142,500. In 2001 the chance of living in a long-stay hospital or care home by age was: 0.05% (under 65) 1% (65-74) 4.8% (75-84) 20.9% (85 plus). Living alone In Great Britain in 1996: * In the 65-74 age group, 21% of men and 39% of women lived alone. * 31% of men and 58% of women aged 75 and over lived alone. In 1996, of people Aged 65-74 % 75 and over % 74 62 Of men were married 53 28 Of women were married 13 29 Of men were widowed 35 62 Of women were widowed In 1997/98, amongst pensioners who were mainly dependent on state pensions and living alone: * 81% had central heating, compared to 89% of all households * 14% had a car, compared to 69.8% of all households * 91% had a telephone, compared to 94% of all households * 62% had a washing machine, compared to 91% of all households Assignment 2 Investigating the Feasibility of Opening a Nail and Beauty Parlour in Louth Introduction The aim of this investigation is to explore the feasibility of opening a competitively priced Nail ; Beauty Parlour aimed at a wide range of consumers of varying lifestyles and age groups. A suitable location has been selected in the suburban town of Louth, Lincolnshire, directly opposite the bus station, with many bus stops in the vicinity. Throughout the course of the investigation, various methods of Primary and Secondary research were adopted in order to evaluate whether the business was feasible. The proposed location is approximatelysquare feet in size and will cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½27 000pa to rent, with rates of roughly à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14 000. All required materials could be purchased from Sallys Beauty Warehouseà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in Grimsby, a town approximately 35 minutes away from Louth by car. They offer bulk purchasing of all products related to hair and beauty at a discounted price and have a reputation for selling high quality products. The business will be called Lincs Nail Beauty Barà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. It will have a contemporary design, in order to appear trendy and upmarket. METHODOLOGY Secondary Research Objectives Objective 1 Discover if the chosen location will generate sufficient custom, by assessing the competition in surrounding areas and conducting a SWOT analysis of Louth. This may be investigated by comparing the services offered by competitors to those of your own and conducting a foot count of the number of clients served at particular hours on particular days. Objective 2 To discover the average number of women aged 15-65 residing, studying or working in Louth. Objective 3 To determine the disposable incomes of women in these age groups. The information for the above two objectives, may be discovered from demographic information obtained from the local library. Objective 4 To determine the fixed and variable costs of running the business including factors such as staffing costs and cost of materials required. Objective 5 Investigate the cost of advertising the new business. This may include method of above and below the line promotion and research into local radio, newspaper and leaflet drops must be considered. Objective 6 Discover any relevant legislation that must be taken into consideration with regards to employment. It is essential that such legislation be followed as failure to comply could result in the following: It is the duty of the employer to assess any possible risks, implement the necessary control measures and maintain sufficient records. o Prohibition notices o Public disclosure o Bad publicity-acting as a deterrent for potential customers o Increased insurance premiums o Claims for compensation Primary Research Objectives Objective 1 To determine the likely demand for nail treatment. Objective 2 To determine the additional beauty treatments demanded by the majority. Objective 3 To determine the prices that clients are willing to pay for various treatments and how regularly they will demand the treatment in order to determine to what level stocks would need to be held. Objective 4 To determine how many days a week and at which times the Bar will attract the most custom, to enable opening times to be planned around the optimum demand times. Primary Research Method After researching various methods of research and considering the time limitation in which it must be compiled, it has been decided that a survey is to be conducted in Louth using a random stratified quota selection method of sampling of 100 women within specific age groups which will be recorded in a tally chart format (see appendix). The two main concerns in sampling are how to choose the right people for the interview and how many to interview. The four main methods of sampling have been researched and this may be found in the appendix. The given information will also contribute to calculation of costs in Objective 4 of the secondary research. Questionnaire and Results of Consumer Survey AGE: 15-20 41-45 21-25 46-50 26-30 51-55 31-35 56-60 36-40 61-65 WHY ARE YOU CURRENTLY IN LINCOLNSHIRE? Residing here Studying here Working here Visiting DO YOU/WOULD YOU CONSIDER HAVING NAIL AND/OR BEAUTY TREATMENT? Yes No IF SO, WHERE DO YOU CURRENTLY HAVE IT DONE? Louth Grimsby Horncastle Holton-le-Clay Caistor Other WHAT TREATMENT DO YOU/WOULD YOU CONSIDER HAVING? 1. Accrylic Nail Extensions 2. Manicure 3. Pedicure 4. Nail Art (airbrushing) 5. Threading (eyebrow, upper lip etc.) 6. Waxing (legs, arms, underarms etc) 7. Massage HOW MUCH WOULD YOU BE WILLING TO PAY FOR THE ABOVE TREATMENTS? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40+ ON WHAT DAY WOULD YOU PREFER TO VISIT A NAIL BEAUTY PARLOUR AND AT WHAT TIME? 09.00-12.00 12.00-18.00 18.00-21.00 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday HOW OFTEN DO/WOULD YOU VISIT A BEAUTY PARLOUR? Twice Weekly Weekly Fortnightly Monthly Every other month Special Occasions Other Results of Questionnaire By doing these charts I can make some clear conclusions from my results. It appears that it is very feasible that my business can go ahead and be profitable. SECONDARY RESEARCH RESULTS Objective 1 It was discovered that there is another Beauty Salon in Louth as well as a number of hairdressers, which provide the manicuring service. Their prices however, are substantially higher than any that the Lincs Nail Beauty bar is aiming to charge. This alone will enable it to compete effectively. Below are 2 comparative lists between the planned features of the Nail Beauty Bar and the competitors in Louth: Services exclusive to Lincs Nail Beauty Bar: o Threading a more accurate method of hair removal that is a specialized skill originating in India. Creates a better shape of eyebrow and is a relatively speedy method of treatment. Very cheap to perform as it simply requires a small length of thread and some talcum powder. o American style nail art (airbrushing) creates intricate patterns on ones nail in varying colours and styles. A hugely fashionable feature with teenagers and adults alike. It is likely that once a client comes for a specific treatment such as airbrushing, they can be convinced to return for other treatment relating to the nails such as nail extensions. o All services provided by the competition will be provided at a lower price by the Nail Beauty Bar hence attracting a large proportion of the extensive teenage population that study in the surrounding area. Services provided by Louth competitors: o Hair cuts and colours o Electrolysis o Facials and skin treatments A foot count was collected outside the Beauty Salon of the Louth competitor and outside the Nail Salon of the greatest nail treatment competitor, which is in Grimsby. Each was observed for a period of one hour, three times throughout the day on a Wednesday and Saturday. The results are as follows: TIME/DAY NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN Louth / Grimsby 09.00 -10.00 Wednesday 6 /2 Saturday 11 /2 12.00-13.00 Wednesday 19 /4 Saturday 30 /5 16.00-17.00 Wednesday 25 /2 Saturday 30 /3 S.W.O.T Analysis of Louth and Location of Premises. Strengths: o Wealthy area in which disposable incomes are high o Situates two all girls private schools from which the students also have relatively high disposable incomes. Also surrounded by numerous mixed schools providing a large number of clientele during the week. o Premises directly opposite a bus station and surrounded by bus stops from various routes, hence enabling easy access to the Bar. Plenty of car parking spaces available. o The premises have many large windows and an open plan, located directly in the centre of the town, providing much opportunity to entice custom via interior design. Weaknesses: o Is not a large retailing town such as Grimsby, and therefore most people who will know of its existence will be those who frequently visit Louth, unless a large budget is set aside for advertising. Also due to this, people may prefer to go to Grimsby as they can see a movie and do some shopping while they are there. o Limited parking space available Opportunity: There is an opportunity to completely dominate the market of Louth and the small surrounding towns as the main service provided is modern, fashionable and the closest replicating service is in Horncastle. On top of which it will be the most competitively price though this may require the adoption of penetration pricing until customer loyalty is established. If market domination is established there is and opportunity to expand the range of services to include new and radical skin treatments and bring the big town salon treatments to the suburbs. Threats: The main threat comes from current competitors who may also aim to slash prices, if this is the case, the Lincs Nail Beauty Bar may have to rely on their product differentiation and customer relations alone to help them survive. See Maps located in the appendix. Objectives 2 3 In order to discover how many women reside in the area or Louth and what their disposable income is, information was extracted from a demographic study and can be seen in following pages. There are two private all girlsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ schools in Louth, each holding approximately 1000 girls aged 12-18 years old. The women working in the town centre were counted and amounted to roughly 65. Whilst the disposable income of these working women does not amount to a significant amount, the disposable income of the girls studying in the area is unusually high due to many coming from wealthy backgrounds who receive money from their families instead of or, as well as earning their own. The total resident population of women aged 16-59 in Louth, amounts to roughly 5205 according to the 1991 census, the proportion of which are economically active as follows, according to the 1981 census: Full time employees 38.59% Part time employees 16.5% Self employed 5.82% Objective 4 Rent: Twenty Seven thousand pounds per annum, of which approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6750 must be paid within the first 3 months. Business Rates: The average business rates would come to around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14000. Decoration Cost: The actual layout of the shop currently is suitable, with a large open plan main area in which the nail treatment may be performed. There are also two back rooms available for additional treatment. The main decorative feature will be the mirrored walls to enable the bar to appear larger than it is. Additional decorative features are the aquarium and lava lamps. The total costs amount to about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000. First time customer bonus: In order build good customer relations, an offer of a complementary glass of wine with all treatment above à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 will be available in the opening week of the Bar. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 has been set-aside for this. Equipment and Furniture cost: As calculated from the prices collected at Sallys Hair and Beauty World (see Appendix). Total cost amounts to approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1853.98. Staffing costs: it has been decided to have the Bar open for a total of 48 hours a week at times varying to suit the majority of clientele (see Primary research). 10 nail technicians and 2 beauticians are required. They will be paid à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5/hour. Assuming that the Bar will be open 50 weeks a year, costs amount to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½144000 per annum. Objective 6 Health ; Safety Legislation Health ; Safety at Work Act 1974 brings together all past legislation that protected employees from hazardous conditions. Race Relations Act 1970 aims to protect individuals against discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, nationality or ethnic origin. Equal Pay Act 1970 states that women performing a similar job to men should be treated equally in every way. This includes pay, work conditions and also opportunity for promotion and recognition. Employment Protection Act 1975 ; 1978 (original act amended in 1978) requires employers to provide employees with a contract within 13 weeks of commencement of employment. TOTAL COSTS FIXED COSTS à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Rent 27 000 Business Rate 14 000 Maintenance 2 000 Insurance 1 000 Equipment ; Furniture 1 854 Staff Cost 144 000 Bonus 2 00 Heating ; Lighting 5 500 Decoration 2 000 Advertising 10 000 Total Fixed Costs 207 554 PRIMARY RESEARCH ANALYSIS OF THE CONSUMER SURVEY It was evident during the collection of the primary research information that there was an extremely large, non-resident population of 15-18 year olds, due to the two girls only private schools in the area. There were also a large number of females shopping in the town due to the many residential homes. Whilst it can be assumed that the high proportion of pensioners in the area may not have sufficient disposable income to spend in the Bar, it can also be assumed that this will be compensated for by the rather high disposable incomes of the school girls. A discount for pensioners and students with NUS card may be considered once the business is well established in the community. Pie chart to show the current outlets favoured by the consumers interviewed It is evident from the chart and the foot count performed previously, that the main competitor in the nail service, is in Grimsby. As Louth is a significant distance away from Grimsby some 12 miles, the Bar will be opening the door for a whole new range of customers and hopefully develop the custom those living in the area that previously visited the Grimsby store. It is also evident from the survey conducted, that demand for the treatment offered is not consistent throughout the day, everyday. It is therefore not profitable to remain open from 09.00 17.00 every day if it would prove beneficial to the business to be open from 12.00 21.00 on particular days throughout the week. The feedback compiled suggests that the following opening times should be tried provisionally: Monday 09.00 12.00 Tuesday 09.00 18.00 Wednesday 12.00 21.00 Thursday 12.00 21.00 Friday 09.00 21.00 Saturday 09.00 18.00 Sunday Closed Profit and Loss This is a forecasted profit and loss that will follow the principle of caution and understate the forecasted sales, from the estimated 66 of 100 people (see survey) to 20% of the population of women in Louth spending an average of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 a week, therefore à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½240 a year. FORECASTED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE LINCS NAIL BEAUTY BAR FOR ONE YEAR AT 20% à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sales Revenue 249,840 Cost of Goods Sold 3,537 Gross Profit 246,303 (Expenses) Rent 27,000 Maintenance 2,000 Insurance 1,000 Wages 144,000 Rates 14,000 Decoration 2,000 Opening of store 200 Advertising 10,000 Lighting Heating 5,500 Equipment Furniture 1,854 Depreciation 25% 464 Interest 208,018 Net Profit 38,285 The following profit and loss calculates an estimated sales turnover, based on 66% of the population of women in Louth using the service. This is an optimistic view estimating the probable maximum profit that can be achieved. FORECASTED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE LINCS NAIL ; BEAUTY BAR FOR ONE YEAR AT 66% à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sales Revenue 824,472 Cost of Goods Sold 3,537 Gross Profit 820,935 (Expenses) Rent 27,000 Maintenance 2,000 Insurance 1,000 Wages 144,000 Rates 14,000 Decoration 2,000 Opening of store 200 Advertising 10,000 Lighting ; Heating 5,500 Equipment ; Furniture 1,854 Depreciation 25% 464 Interest 208,018 Net Profit 612,917 This profit and loss assumes that the sales turnover will be generated by an average of the previous assumptions 40% of the population of women in Louth. This takes into account both the optimistic and pessimistic forecasts for profit and loss, and also considers the fact that not all the potential clients are residents in Louth. FORECASTED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR THE LINCS NAIL BEAUTY BAR FOR ONE YEAR AT 40% à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sales Revenue 499,680 Cost of Goods Sold 3,537 Gross Profit 496,143 (Expenses) Rent 27,000 Maintenance 2,000 Insurance 1,000 Wages 144,000 Rates 14,000 Decoration 2,000 Opening of store 200 Advertising 10,000 Lighting Heating 5,500 Equipment Furniture 1,854 Depreciation 25% 464 Interest 208,018 Net Profit 288,125 Flow Chart Such a diagram shows how long it will take to actively start up the business and enables easier planning of the opening activities and waste less time, therefore operating expense. Identify and decide on Approximately 2 weeks Suitable premises Raise sufficient funds Approximately 20 days Planning Permission Approximately 85 days Redecorate the premises Maximum 3 weeks Set up equipment and 1 day Furniture Advertising Approximately 20 days Open the Shop Approximately 6 months Analysis of the Research In order to start the business, it has been calculated that an initial investment of approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½83000 is required (assuming that the wages and rent is paid for the first quarter only). The owner of the business has inherited à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10000 from her grandmother. She has the option to raise the rest of the funds required by either taking out a loan at the bank, or selling shares in the business to family and friends. At present, interest rates at the bank are relatively low, meaning that the owner will be paying less interest on the money borrowed, which proves to be more profitable to the business and improves cash flow. However, there is no interest payable to shareholders as such, which is beneficial to a business starting up, as it reduces the risk of increasing debts before a profit is shown. Shareholders, however, are owed dividends and in the long run, the business may be paying out more in this way, than if they had taken a loan, on top of which, entering into a business relationship with friends and family may strain relations through disputes about the business. There are many benefits to opening the Bar in Louth such as: Lack of competition there is a lack of similar services provided in, or in directly surrounding areas. Competitive Pricing those that do provide some of the services available at the Bar, do so at a substantially higher fee, on average, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30-50 a visit, whilst the Bar aim to provide service of the same, or better standard for approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20-35 a visit. As the forecasted profit and loss accounts show, even at this price, costs can be covered comfortably and if the Bar generates a strong customer following, prices may be raised at Christmas and peak holiday seasons for example. Product the services being offered are well differentiated in its market of beauty treatment, as it offers specialist services such as nail art and threading, which are continuously increasing in popularity with women of all ages. There is also the option to expand into ear piercing or mens treatment, once the Bar is well established. Research has show that the huge surge in demand for nail art and extensions is not believed to be a fad. Similar behaviour was experienced in America nearly a decade ago, and popularity for nail bars there has only strengthened. It is now perceived to women to be as essential to women as a hair cut within their grooming routine. Advertising advertising is an essential factor in the prosperity of the business. Due to the fact that Louth is not a well-known town, the Bar requires much publicity to attract the custom of those in surrounding areas. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 000 will therefore be spent on advertising. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4000 on the local newspaper, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5000 on Lincs FM and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 on distribution of flyers to surrounding areas. Methodology I believe that the majority of the research conducted was as accurate as possible. The demographic information taken from the most recent Census was produced in 1991 and it can be assumed that the main difference in recent data would be an increase in population as more houses and flats have been built in the area. Comparison between the 1981 and 1991 Census also shows a huge increase in the size of the population. I also believe that the questionnaire conducted in Louth produced inaccurate results as it is unreasonable to say that over 60% of women would be willing to have such beauty treatment. I believe that this anomaly arose due to only 100 people being questioned. If I had more time to compile my research, I would interview a greater amount and range of people for example, devise a specialised questionnaire for students alone as they make up a large proportion of the daytime population of Louth. It must also be taken into consideration however, that regardless of the amount of research conducted, there may be many unforeseeable circumstances that could affect the profitability of the business, external factors such as a downturn in the economy. Conclusions After conducting all relevant research and taking into consideration any anomalous data as well as examples of such businesses success in the U.K. and abroad, I believe that there is a great chance of success in for the Lincs Nail ; Beauty Bar. Research shows that there is already substantial demand for the services offered and continuation of this would enable the Bar to expand further and possibly open another branch elsewhere, or even consider the idea of opening concession branches within well established stores such as Fenwick or Selfridges. From the graphs compiled it is evident that the average amount one is willing to spend on treatment per visit is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 and the average disposal income of the locals residents can more than comfortably accommodate this. Suitably trained staff is the most important factor in establishing a successful business, especially in a service-orientated business such as the Bar. Due to the fact that they have specialist skills, they must be paid above the minimum wage and though they incur the highest cost within the business, this compensated by low costs of materials. Along with the skills they have learnt, they must have excellent communication skills and build up a strong relationship with the clients in order to deter them from going elsewhere. The business may have been even more profitable if set up in Grimsby, a town that attracts many people due to the large shopping centre. There is however much more competition in that area and lower disposable incomes amongst the residents. SUMMARY Chance of Success After studying the various forecasted profit and loss accounts, it is evident that the business has the potential to be extremely profitable, if all other factors run accordingly. The supplier has come highly recommended by various beauticians within surrounding areas as having almost 100% reliability and due to the fact that it is so close to Louth, delivery costs are avoided as a member of staff could easily collect the material required. The only foreseeable problem in this area is external. A change in exchange rates may increase the price of supplies, as they are all imported. Advertising will also play an important role in the establishment to the business and advertising in the local paper and on the local radio, will make many residents aware of the presence of the Bar. Flyers will reinforce this within the minds of the residents. Excess advertising is not required as the location of the Bar is such that it is clearly viewed by many as its location is optimal, directly in the centre of town. The dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor of the Bar is such to attract the attention of all passing by. The aquarium and lava lamps create a funky yet relaxing atmosphere and will compliment its modern, spacious design. Evaluation. The main restriction I experienced was that of time. If I had the option to redo the project, the main area I would correct would be that of the questionnaires. I would take a much larger sample, of perhaps 400 and even investigate the demand for beauty treatment by men. From the project I have compiled however, not taking into consideration external factors, the idea of opening a Nail ; Beauty Bar in Louth is definitely feasible. The forecasted profits are extraordinary mainly due to the low costs incurred and if such a simple idea could generate such large sales turnover, it may not be a bad idea to make the idea of the Lincs Nail Beauty Barà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a reality!

Birth Control Pills Essay Research Paper When free essay sample

Birth Control Pills Essay, Research Paper When the FDA approved the Pill for selling in 1960, it changed America everlastingly. The pill was released without equal testing. Within two old ages, 1.2 Americans were utilizing it and by 1973 that figure had risen to 10 million. In 1969 the book The Doctors Case against the Pill by Barbara Seaman showed people the dangers. By the terminal of the 70 s, the FDA required doctors and druggists to manus out sheets on possible negative consequence and complications ( Kalb 20-36 ) . The pills contain two endocrines, estrogen and progestogen. They prevent gestation by halting ovulation and by doing the liner of the uterus dilutant. During your period, the low estrogen degree usually indirectly triggers your pituitary secretory organ to direct out follicle-stimulating endocrine ( FSH ) a endocrine that starts egg development. Among typical twosomes who initiate usage of combined pills about 5 % will see an inadvertent gestation in the first twelvemonth ( Leone 24-27 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Birth Control Pills Essay Research Paper When or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is because sometimes pills are non used right. If pills are used systematically and right, merely one in 1,000 adult females will go pregnant ( Oral Contraceptives ) . A 2nd signifier of contraceptive method should be used for the first seven yearss of your first battalion of pills. 2 Some of the advantages of the pill are that they decrease a adult female # 8217 ; s hazard for malignant neoplastic disease of the ovaries and malignant neoplastic disease of the liner of the womb. The pills besides lower the hazard of developing benign chest multitudes and ovarian cysts. They decrease catamenial cramping and hurting. The combined pills cut down catamenial blood loss and the hazard for anaemia. Monthly periods are besides more regular when on the pill. Acne frequently improves in adult females taking combined birth control pills. One pill, Tricyclen, is officially approved for the intervention of acne ( Oral Contraceptives ) . Many adult females enjoy sex more when taking birth control pills because they know they are less likely to acquire pregnant. Some clinicians will even supply 3 to 6 months of pills without a pelvic test. There are besides many disadvantages to taking these monthly pills. They do non protect you from HIV or other infections. You have to retrieve to take one pill every twenty-four hours, which can be difficult for some adult females to make. Nausea and/or descrying are two jobs adult females may hold the first month on pills. Some adult females may see short and bare periods. Womans t aking combined pills may see side effects such as concerns, chest tenderness, temper alterations, weight addition and depression. Serious complications such as blood coagulums may happen but are really rare. The pills require a prescription and can be expensive. Pills may advance growing of chest malignant neoplastic disease but likely do non do chest malignant neoplastic disease. They may take to higher rates of one type of cervical malignant neoplastic disease, glandular cancer of the neck. The pill has one terrible side affect. Some adult females, while on the pill, continue to acquire pregnant and neer cognize it. The eggs are still being released and fertilized through the procedure of discovery ovulation. Women neer know they are pregnant and don T halt utilizing the pills that finally kill the babe before it was of all time acknowledged. The pill has three mechanisms of action. Sometimes, the pill suppresses ovulation. When this happens, an egg is non released and construct can non happen. The Pill besides works to inspissate the adult female s cervical mucous secretion, which can curtail sperm from traveling up the generative piece of land toward the egg. One manner the pill causes early abortions is that it interferes with the flexing gestures and the cilia motion of the fallopian tubing. These alterations slow the transit of the freshly conceived kid from the fallopian tubing from the uterus ( Lerman 88-93 ) . Unfortunately, many little babes starve to decease in the fallopian tubing because the chemicals caused alterations that prevented them from making the uterus in clip to be nourished. Another manner the pill can do an early abortion is if your babe survives the drive down the fallopian tubing to your uterus, the pill about ever causes the endometrium, the liner of your womb, to reject the kid. Chemical reactions frequently cause the liner of your uterus to go thin, shriveled, and unable to back up nidation of your freshly conceived kid ( Boston Women s Health Book Collective ) . This type of early abortion is something a batch of adult females do non cognize approximately. Using any sort of preventive is non 100 % effectual against disease or gestation, but they help. There are many side effects of birth control pills, and adult females should see them all before acquiring a prescription for them. If a adult female decides they are right for her, they are more effectual against gestation than anything else. The negative side effects are rough, so there are many other options you may take.

Global poverty and education

Global poverty and education In recent years, the transnational agencies launched a number of initiatives aimed at reducing worldwide poverty and improving international security. Criticizing the modernism and development theories which were used previously, the scholars made attempts to explain the major causes underlying the failure of the development efforts of the previous half a century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global poverty and education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Refocusing on education development as the dominant discourse helpful for achieving the rest of the development goals is one of the most decisions made by the transnational agencies recently. This paper will discuss the criticisms of the development theories, the historical context of development efforts, the role of international and non-governmental organizations in multilateral education and solutions offered by contemporary scholars to enhance the effectiveness of the launched programs. Current sociocultural perversion marginalizing the poor In modern world, all governments make efforts to not only protect their citizens, but also to ensure their access to the basic services, including those of safe drinking water, health care delivery and education. Regardless of the fact that a wide range of domestic state institutions, international agencies and non-governmental organizations launch projects to benefit the poor, the poor perceive formal services as inaccessible and ineffective. The politics of representation of the Third World has had a significant impact upon the development discourse and formation of culture and subjectivities in developing countries. Escobar (1995, p. 215) noted that the very existence and status of the Third World is currently negotiated. The term of the Third World was created as an opposite of the First World denoting the countries which consider them as developed. The term has a negative connotation and remains an important construct used by those in power. Notwithstanding the chosen definition of modernity, the Third World should not be perceived as a uniform entity, but rather as a fragmented and polarized combination of diverse regions.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since the 1980s, resistance to development expressed by the grassroots movements was one of the strategies through which the Third World made attempts to construct their unique identities. This struggle against the intervention of international organization aimed at modernization and globalization into the domestic affairs of the Third World was fundamentally cultural (Escobar, 1995, p. 216). Another approach used for negotiating the development of the Third World was a concept of hybridization of local cultures and modernity to receive a new entity. However, this biological interpretation cannot be applied t o discussion of hybrid cultures as a combination of long-standing cultural practices and an incoming element of modernity integrated into the local cultures by transnational forces. With the advent of cyberculture and the global economic restructuring, the technologic gap between rich and poor countries has been dramatically increased. Consequently, rejecting to use some of the innovative technologies, countries of the Third World undergo the risks of becoming irrelevant to the world economy. Even though certain regions are involved into the processes of global economic integration, they remain marginalized from it benefits. As a consequence of the current state of affairs, this phenomenon is referred to as sociocultural perversion. The solution offered by Escobar (1995, p. 222) is a social reform for the Third World regions to reach the goals of technological modernization and competitive participation in the world economy with a special emphasis put upon the educational policies i n these countries. Historical context and trends in multilateralism and education The development theories have a significant impact upon the strategies implemented by transnational agencies and non-governmental organizations in relation to education policies for the developing countries. The combination of state-centric, transnationalist and structuralist theories clearly demonstrates the variety of theoretical approaches to be considered to understand multilateral cooperation and the controversy over the objectives, processes and outcomes of education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global poverty and education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The policy setting in UN education is a rather controversial and complicated process. According to Jones (2005, p. 23), the UN education process lacks harmony and consistency because of the multitude and diversity of educational issues around the world. Historically, educat ion concerns were included into the UN charter during a conference in San-Francisco in April – June 1945. The lobbyist delegations from developing countries and the US-based groups were pressing for the education case which was expected to contribute to international peace and security. Whereas the process of integrating the education concerns into the UN charter was rather smooth, the question of whether to establish a specialized agency focusing on education remained doubtful. In the year 1948, education was included into the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a part of the UN program aimed at promoting peace and interdependence between the states on the global level. The entry of education as a multilateral concern into the programming of transnational agencies resulted in economic justification of education and consideration of the correlation between poverty of certain regions and the quality and accessibility of education programs there. Political multilateralism and economic multilateralism are the two major lines of thinking which had a significant impact upon the UN education programming. The goals of the global economic integration and governance were central to the multilateralism pathways chosen by the UN for promoting peace and security in the world. The links between material progress, security and modernization strategies have become explicit. Jones (2005, p. 31) stated that the circumstances on the international arena were favorable for this way of thinking. Since the mid 1980s, neo-liberalism theories influenced educational theories and became major concerns in educational policies and practices. Discussing the issues of the complexity and diversity of educational system, Jones (2005, p. 42) used the term of structured anarchy to emphasize the collaboration and competition among the variety of the UN education agencies.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main principles which were prevalent in the organization of the UN education since the year 1945 when education concerns were included into the UN chart included globalization, security and multilateralism. The complex interplay of these principles was responsible for the education for all movement. The international organizations in construction of multilateral education Within the recent decades, the multilateral agencies, including those of the World Bank, UNICEF, UNESCO and UNDP, have been playing an important role in structuring the world education agenda. These agencies played a dominant role in formulating the International Development Targets (IDTs) and following Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which became the basis for the education policymaking. According to Rutkowski (2007, p. 244), the main reason for which the international organizations had impact upon the education agenda on local, national and global levels was softness of the implemented strategies. At the World Conference on Education for All which took place in 1990 in Jomtien (Thailand) invited 155 national delegations from different countries a framework on providing access to basic education for citizens of all countries was shaped. According to King (2007, p. 379), the themes raised during that World Conference focused mainly on basic education associated with primary schooling. Moreover, regardless of the precise goals and time-bound target, the Jomtien Declaration and Framework were not prescriptive and were not shared by all countries. Ten years later after the World Conference in Jomtien, in the year 200, the World Forum on Education for All was held in Dakar. By this moment, it became clear that the target of achieving the universal primary education as it was outlined by Jomtien Framework within ten years was unrealistic. Six Dakar Targets were formulated at this Forum for expanding and improving access to primary education for children belonging to the most vulnerable and disadvantaged categories and ensuring gender equality in education. Just a few months after Dakar Forum, eight Millennium Development Goals were formulated at the global summit in New York. According to King (2005, p. 386), the peculiar feature of the Millennium Declaration was formulation of strict timelines for the targets related to the south and the absence of any time limitations in resolutions related to the north. The Millennium Declaration did not pay proper attention to the financial basis necessary for the realization of the offered targets. With its financing impact and the political force, the World Bank can be regarded as one of the strongest players in the sphere of multilateral education. Regardless of the fact that the World Bank as a UN specialized agency is better understood as a financial institution dedicated to borrowing and lending money, its political influence on the development strategies is obvious. Regardless of the fact that education is only a minor con cern of the World Bank and the annual reimbursements dedicated to this area do not exceed 10 per cent of the overall expenses, it addresses a wide range of education issues and is prominent in multilateral education. A significant contribution made by the World Bank to the global education agenda was the resurrection of interest in higher education which can be seen from the joint initiative of the bank and UNESCO, referred to as the task force on higher education and society (TFHES) (Jones, 2005, p. 135). Notwithstanding the significance of the World Bank and other international agencies, these were only a few players affecting the multilateral education agenda. The role of non-governmental organizations in realization of development projects The Western definition of modernity, according to which certain societies are recognized as more modern and developed than others and obtaining resources and knowledge to assist other les developed nations in achieving modernity, has criticize d as Western universalism. Elu and Banya (1999, p. 183) stated that this definition was used by the north or the so-called First World for inclusion of the southern societies into the north-dominated world. In the context of post-modern critiques, the diversity and complexity of the global development activities has increased resulting in proliferation of external and internal non-governmental organizations. As it has been mentioned earlier, regardless of all the efforts to reach the most disadvantaged groups of population, the formal services are still perceived as inaccessible by the poor (Narayan, 2000, p. 120). It is one of the reasons for which a growing number of aid agencies were turned into non-governmental organizations which can be more effective for launching the development projects and leading the resources to the poor. The other reasons for these changes are the growing interest among agencies in strengthening the developmental roles of institutions outside the public sector and the demonstrated potential of non-governmental organizations to reach the poor more effectively than the public agencies do. Therefore, the popularity of the non-governmental organizations as cost-effective alternatives to public development resources has grown. Elu and Banya (1999, p. 187) stated that Northern non-governmental organizations were frequently used for transferring the cultural awareness, values and patterns from the countries providing technical and financial assistance to the developing countries as recipients of this aid. Applying this perspective to the estimation of the role of non-governmental organizations, it can be stated that these establishments are frequently perceived as products of governments using them as temporary mediators for achieving specific political goals and expanding their influence. However, as it can be seen from example of African voluntary development organizations, southern countries do not remain passive recipients of the aid provided by northern states, but create their local non-governmental organizations as a response to the African needs. Then, the question of theoretical and practical relationships between external donors and the locally-based organizations is posed. According to Elu and Banya (1999, p. 190) a partnership between the northern and southern non-governmental organizations would be the most appropriate approach to enhancing the effectiveness of initiatives launched by both parties. Regardless of the obvious benefits of potential collaboration, the partnership between the rich north and impoverished locally-based organizations is associated with a number of dilemmas. Because of the inequality of resources, expectations and motivations of the actors, the effective partnership between the north and south non-governmental organizations is not achieved even though in theory the organizations agree that mutual relationship would be advantageous for them. Effective solutions for the education agenda The ineffectiveness of the initiatives launched by multilateral organizations can be explained with the lack of attention paid to the specifics of the education sectors in developing countries. A detailed education sector analysis can be an effective tool for empowering reform and development through the vast majority of studies did not address the issues of the sector structure in the context of the aid relationship. The need to simultaneously address multiple high priority goals, including those of improved healthcare and education appeared to be an unresolvable tension for Africa and other developing countries. Insufficient analysis of the specifics of situation in different countries significantly reduces the effectiveness of the programmes and initiatives. According to Samoff (1999, p. 270), the main conclusion made by studies addressing the problems of education in postcolonial Africa is that the educational system is in crisis without specification of the underlying pr ocesses and the most influential factors affecting it. The limited national control over the education sector analysis and insufficient sense of national ownership reduce the credibility and opportunities for the practical application of existing studies. The implementation of development strategies in specific locations can have a number of unexpected and even paradoxical consequences. For example, according to Pigg (1997, p. 259), the development implementation in Nepal was rather complex and had a number of local quirks. Thus, the highly trained Nepalese health care practitioners were unwilling to work in the countryside, whereas by providing training to the village practitioners, the development strategy increased their ambitions and enabled them to move to the urban areas. These unexpected consequences were not predicted before the launch of the initiative and prove the importance of conducting a thorough research of the local setting before the development implementation. Simi lar concerns were raised by Demerath (2003, p. 137) who pointed out at the shifts in the social attachments and ideologies of individuals after their enrollment into the training programs which are a part of development initiatives. In other words, a careful sector analysis can be an effective tool for enhancing the effectiveness of the education agendas and other development programs. Analyzing the main reasons for the failure of the global development efforts over the decades, it can be stated that the enhanced partnership between a wide array of aid organizations and a more serious consideration of the peculiar features of certain settings is important for eliminating the deficits in the programs and enhancing the effectiveness of initiatives. Coxon and Munce (2008, p. 148) stated that external aid donating organizations can threaten the local ideas of what education programs should be. For this reason, indicating global patterns of power and influence, policy makers should consi der the specifics of local cultures and pay more attention to the opportunities of enhanced partnership among the different aid donating organizations. Conclusion Analyzing the criticisms of the main development theories and initiatives, it can be stated that the lack of attention to the specifics of the situation in developing countries and lack of partnership between different agencies are among the main underlying causes of the failure of the development efforts of the previous decades. Therefore, the emphasis on education-development relationship, education sector analysis and enhanced partnership between different agencies are important for improving access to education, reducing the world poverty and enhancing international security. References Coxon, E. and Munce, K. (2008) The global education agenda and the delivery of aid to Pacific education. Comparative Education, 44(2), pp. 147 – 165. Demerath, P. (2003) Negotiating individualist and collectivist futures: Emergin g subjectivities and social forms in Papua New Guinea high schools. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 34 (2), pp. 136 – 157. Elu, J. and Banya K. (1999) Non-governmental organizations as partners in Africa: A cultural analysis of North-South relations. In K. King and L. Buchert (eds) Changing international aid to education: Global patterns and national contexts. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 182 – 206. Escobar, A. (1995) Conclusion: Imagining a postdevelopment era. In A. Excobar Encountering development. The making and unmaking of the third world. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 212 – 247. Jones, P.W. (2005) Education, multilateralism and the UN. In P.W. Jones The United Nations and education. Multilateralism, development and globalization. London and New York: Routledge Falmer, pp. 94 – 136. King, K. (2007) Multilateral agencies in the construction of the global agenda on education. Comparative Education, 43 (3), pp. 377 – 391. Nara yan, D. (2000) Can anyone hear us? Voices of the poor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-126. Pigg, S.L. (1997) Found in most traditional societies: Traditional medical practitioners between culture and development. In F. Cooper and R. Packard (eds) International development and the social sciences. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 259 – 290. Rutkowski, D. (2007) Converging us softly: How intergovernmental organizations promote neoliberal educational policy. Critical Studies in Education, 48 (2), pp. 229 – 247. Samoff, J. (1999) Education sector analysis in Africa: Limited national control and even less national ownership. International Journal of Educational Development, 19, pp. 249 – 272.

Sustainable Development in Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Sustainable Development in Business - Case Study Example (Organisational Sustainability, n.d.) Andrew Mangan, an environmental entrepreneur promoted BPS or by-product synergy programs as a means to achieve the goals of sustainable development. It is a process that helps the companies to discover new ways in order to convert the waste products into saleable commodities. The goal of Mangan is actually twofold - to promote the wider adoption of BPS programs and also to create business out of helping the companies adopt such by-product synergy programs. (Anderson T., and Mackenzie S., n.d.) There has been a lot of research in the field of sustainable technology and design along with the adaptation of business tools, but in most of the instances, the well designed technologies fail to become broadly adopted, not due to the fact that there are flaws in the technology but due to the reason that there is inadequate sustainable method of servicing, distributing, and improving the technology. Any business needs start up capital in order to fund the design of technology and its development along with a self sustaining revenue stream, which would support the growth as well as be meaningful in terms of reducing pollution. The reason behind the development of EnviroFit International business model was to allow for the design, development along with the dissemination of environment friendly technologies all over the world. This model leverages the participation of the local in country stakeholders in order to ease acceptance and the implementation of RetroFit technology. The key components of this model are using donations for the development of technology as well as operating profits from the product sales to growth, support operations, emissions trading, microfinance and also local partnerships. This business model is till in progress and is executing the business plan along with reducing the perceived risks, by making progress against the value setting milestones like raising investment capital, field tests and developing important partners in supply chain; these would increase the credibility of the business model and also its management. This business model would be highly beneficial for those environmental technologies that lack necessary profit margins in order to make them attractive to the traditional for-profit model. This would provide sufficient margins in order to sustain a particular enterprise without continued infusions of donations or capital. This business model would also in effective in reducing the environmental pollution. (Hudnut P., B auer T. and Lorenz N., n.d.) Triple Bottom Line was originated among the investors seeking a way of putting their money in those enterprises that are economically profitable, socially just and environmentally sound. It is the need of the time to model the systems properties or the ecological characteristic of various domains of productivity and also to design the institutions of monetary and financial services, which can optimize the productivity in these domains. The theory and the institutions should base on the concepts of triple bottom line. The concept of

From A (Documentary-FILM) INSIDE JOB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

From A (Documentary-FILM) INSIDE JOB - Essay Example Naturally, as successive presidents, both Democrat and Republican, allowed for further and further deregulation to take place, the levels to which private industry were able to stray into previously uncharted waters, was a fundamental determinate with regards to what was actually precipitated. Although this deregulation was of course a massive contributor factor, one must also consider the means by which the individual private firms themselves self regulated. This is of course a separate issue and one that cannot be overlooked. Ultimately, just as with regards to the levels of government and financial regulation that it previously determined the systemic approach that firms took to business, a corresponding drop with regards to self-regulation was also realized; thereby providing something of a perfect storm by which the financial collapse was able to be realized. Similarly, with regards to the stakeholders that can ultimately be blamed for this collapse, it is the belief of this stu dent that these stakeholders break down into the following three groups: government, key leadership within the firm’s, and lower-level employees. The list that has been given has been related from the most culpable to the least. Although it may seem strange that the government is listed as the primary culprit, the reason for such a belief is due to the fact that only a very naive and narrow minded person would assume that business, lacking many of the constraints that it formerly bound it in prior prosperous decades, would somehow be able to regulate itself to a better and more complete degree. Secondly, the leadership positions of many of the large firms in question bear a great deal of culpability due to the fact that they were fully aware that an impending crisis could easily strike. This was of course evidenced in the film by many internal memos that were able to be disseminated which noted the concern and subsequent disregard that many of the shareholders exhibited. Last ly, representing the shareholders that have the least culpability, it is necessary to consider the individual employees. Although it might be reasonable to merely pass over these individuals, the fact the matter is that many of these individuals realized that the current path of they were on was untenable; nevertheless, rather than raising the alarm, basically went along with it. With regards the rating agencies, it must be understood that these entities functioned not in the way that one would assume; rather, they functioned in something other hand –in– glove manner with the very firms that they were tasked with measuring. Whereas one might assume that the rating agencies were able to cut through the fluff and get down to the numbers which defined the overall strength of these diverse entities, the fact of the matter is that the rating agencies were not performing due diligence and were merely providing satisfactory reports on a range of firms that exhibited key, fund amental, and ultimately disastrous shortcomings. A mortgage-backed security is an asset backed security that leverages a loan based upon the cash flow that is intended to be generated from a mortgage. Mortgage-backed securities are in and of themselves not necessarily a bad thing. However, within the constraints of the system, as it existed prior to the collapse of 2007/2008, mortgage-backed securities were lumped altogether. In such a way, the investor and many of the loans they were

Foreign Capital Essay Example for Free

Foreign Capital Essay Foreign capital: The capital available to any country other than the domestic capital in order to finance any domestic purpose is called foreign capital. Need for Foreign Capital 1.Capital investment requirements – Since underdeveloped countries want to industrialize themselves within a short period of time, it becomes necessary to increase capital investment substantially. This requires a high level of savings. However, because of general poverty, the savings are very low. This creates a resource gap between investment needs and savings. This gap has to be filled through foreign capital. 2. Technology transfers – The under developed countries have lower technological capacity as compared to advanced countries. The desire for industrialization creates the need for importing technology from advanced countries. Such technology transfer usually comes with foreign capital in the form of private foreign investment or foreign collaboration. The technological gap is reduced by training domestic personnel and through establishment of educational, research or training institutes. 3. Exploitation of natural resources – A number of underdeveloped countries possess huge mineral resources, which can be exploited for economic development. These countries do not possess the required technical skill and expertise to accomplish this task. As a consequence, they have to depend upon foreign capital to undertake the exploitation of their mineral wealth. 4. Development of entrepreneurship – Many under developed countries suffer from shortage of private entrepreneurs. This creates a limitation in the process of industrialization. Foreign capital undertakes the risk of investment in host countries and thus provides the much-needed impetus to the process of industrialization. Once the process of industrialization gets started with foreign capital, domestic industrial activity also increases through greater local participation. This automatically develops local entrepreneurship. 5. Development of economic infrastructure – The domestic capital in under developed countries is inadequate to build the required level of economic  infra structure. Thus these countries require the assistance of foreign capital to undertake this task. Over the last 50 years, international financial institutions and governments of advanced countries have made substantial capital available to the under developed countries to develop their economic infrastructure in the form of transport and communications systems, generation and distribution of electricity, development of irrigation facilities, etc. The basic intention is to build an economic model for achieving sustainable development. 6. Financing balance of payments deficit – In the initial phase of economic development, under developed countries face larger imports (in the form of machinery, capital goods, industrial raw materials, spares and components), than exports. The deficit in the balance of trade is financed by inflow of foreign capital. The economic development of an underdeveloped country therefore needs foreign capital to initiate its economic development process and sustain it till desired level of stability is reached